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What Are the Five Types of Seizures?

Seizures are caused by a sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can affect how a person appears or acts, but for a short period of time. The types of seizures include generalized onset seizures, focal onset seizures, and unknown onset seizures.
Seizures are caused by a sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can affect how a person appears or acts, but for a short period of time. The types of seizures include generalized onset seizures, focal onset seizures, and unknown onset seizures.

Seizures occur when there is a sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that usually affects how a person appears or acts for a short time.

There are two main types of seizure classes with five subtypes of seizures, including:

  • Generalized onset seizures
    • Both sides of the brain are affected at the same time
    • Includes seizure types like
      • Tonic-clonic (also called grand mal)
        • Crying out
        • Loss of consciousness
        • Falling to the ground
        • Muscle jerks or spasms
        • Tiredness following the seizure
      • Absence (also called petit mal)
        • Can cause rapid blinking or a few seconds of staring into space.
      • Atonic
        • Drop attack

  • Focal onset seizures
    • Focal seizures can start in one area or in one side of the brain
      • Focal onset aware seizures occur when a person is awake and aware during a seizure (formerly called simple partial seizure)
        • Affect a small part of the brain
        • Can cause twitching or a change in sensation, such as a strange taste or smell
      • Focal onset impaired awareness seizures occur when a person is confused or awareness is affected during a focal seizure (formerly called a complex partial seizure)
        • Dazed or confused
        • Inability to respond to questions or direction for up to a few minutes

What Are Symptoms of Seizures?

Symptoms of seizures may differ depending on the type. 

Symptoms of generalized onset seizures include:

  • Motor symptoms 
    • Tense or rigid muscles (tonic)
    • Sustained rhythmical jerking movements (clonic)
    • Muscle weakness or limpness (atonic) 
    • Brief muscle twitching (myoclonus)
    • Epileptic spasms (body flexes and extends repeatedly)
  • Non-motor symptoms (absence seizures) 
    • Staring spells
    • Brief twitches that can affect a specific body part or just the eyelids

Symptoms of focal onset seizures include:

  • Motor symptoms 
    • Tense or rigid muscles (tonic)
    • Jerking (clonic)
    • Muscle weakness or limpness (atonic) 
    • Brief muscle twitching (myoclonus)
    • Epileptic spasms (body flexes and extends repeatedly)
    • Repeated automatic movements (automatisms), such as clapping or rubbing of hands, lip smacking, chewing, or running
  • Non-motor symptoms
    • Changes in sensation
    • Mood changes
    • Changes in thinking or cognition
    • Changes in autonomic functions (such as gastrointestinal sensations, waves of heat or cold, goosebumps, heart racing, etc.)
    • Lack of movement (behavior arrest)

Symptoms of focal onset seizures include:

  • Motor seizures: either tonic-clonic or epileptic spasms
  • Non-motor seizures: behavior arrest

What Causes Seizures?

Causes of seizures can vary by age.

Causes of seizures in newborns include:

  • Intracranial bleeding
  • Lack of oxygen during birth
  • Low levels of blood sugar, blood calcium, blood magnesium or other electrolyte problems
  • Malformations of the brain
  • Maternal drug use 
  • Problems with metabolism

Causes of seizures in infants and young children include:

Causes of seizures in children and adults include:

  • Congenital conditions 
    • Angelman's syndrome
    • Down's syndrome
    • Neurofibromatosis
    • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Genetics
  • Head trauma
  • Progressive brain disease (rare)

Causes of seizures in seniors include:

Common triggers that may precipitate seizures include:

  • Fever or illness
  • Lack of sleep
  • Stress
  • Flashing bright lights or patterns
  • Alcohol or drug use
  • Certain foods
  • Excess caffeine 
  • Certain times of day or night
  • Menstrual cycle in women or other hormonal changes
  • Poor diet 
  • Low blood sugar
  • Certain medications

How Are Seizures Diagnosed?

Tests used to diagnose the cause of seizures include: 

What Is the Treatment for Seizures?

Treatment for seizures usually involves medicines called anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), such as:

  • Brivaracetam
  • Cannabidiol oral solution (Epidiolex)
  • Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Epitol, Tegretol, Tegretol XR
  • Cenobamate (Xcopri)
  • Clobazam (Onfi, Sympazan)
  • Clonazepam (Epitril, Klonopin, Rivotril)
  • Diazepam nasal
  • Diazepam rectal (Diastat)
  • Divalproex sodium (Depacon, Depakote, Depakote ER, Epival)
  • Eslicarbazepine Acetate (Aptiom)
  • Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
  • Ezogabine (Potiga)
  • Felbamate (Felbatol)
  • Fenfluramine
  • Gabapentin (Neurontin)
  • Lacosamide (Vimpat)
  • Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
  • Levetiracetam (Keppra, Keppra XR, Roweepra)
  • Lorazepam (Ativan)
  • Midazolam nasal (Nayzilam)
  • Oxcarbazepine (Oxtellar XR, Trileptal)
  • Perampanel (Fycompa)
  • Phenobarbital
  • Phenytoin (Dilantin, Epanutin, Phenytek)
  • Pregabalin (Lyrica)
  • Primidone (Mysoline)
  • Rufinamide (Banzel, Inovelon)
  • Stiripentol (Diacomit)
  • Tiagabine hydrochloride (Gabitril)
  • Topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy XR, Trokendi XR)
  • Valproic Acid (Convulex, Depakene, Depakine, Orfiril, Valporal, Valprosid)
  • Vigabatrin (Sabril)
  • Zonisamide (Zonegran)

Other treatments for seizures include: 

  • Diet therapy, including the ketogenic diet
  • Epilepsy surgery 
    • Removal of a small part of the brain that's causing the seizures 
    • Implantation of a small electrical device inside the body to help control seizures 

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References
https://www.epilepsy.com/

https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/types-of-seizures.htm